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Ribonucleases are a ubiquitous and functionally diverse group of enzymes that have a common ability to cleave RNA. Either through scission of internal phosphodiesters, or removal of nucleotides from RNA 5' or 3' ends, ribonucleases perform essential roles in gene expression and regulation, genome replication and maintenance, host defense, stress response, and viral strategies of infection. Ribonucleases have also served as highly informative models to understand virtually every aspect of biomolecular structure and function. The fifteen chapters in this volume are written by recognized researchers in the field, and provide in-depth analyses of the major ribonuclease families. Particular focus is given to the relation of ribonuclease structure and mechanism to biological function, as well as ribonuclease dysfunction in certain disease states. Other topics include the evolutionary genetics and functional diversification of ribonucleases, engineered ribonucleases as anti-cancer agents, the mechanisms of action of artificial ribonucleases, and ribonucleases as models to understand protein folding and stability. This volume should serve as an essential reference for a broad range of researchers and educators with interests in RNA metabolism, enzymology, and gene regulation.

Organic chemistry --- Histology. Cytology --- Molecular biology --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- organische chemie --- cytologie --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- histologie --- moleculaire biologie

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This thesis describes research into the mode of function, inhibition, and evolution of the ribosomal catalytic center, the Peptidyl Transferase Center (PTC)--research that has already led to attempts at improving PTC antibiotics. The PhD candidate carried out two parallel studies. One using a combination of X-ray crystallography, biochemistry, molecular biology, and theoretical studies to obtain crystal structures of ribosomal particles with antibiotics that target the PTC, revealing the modes of action, resistance, cross-resistance and discrimination between ribosomes of eubacterial pathogens and eukaryotic hosts. In the second parallel study, the candidate synthesized a ribosomal substructure--one that may represent the minimal entity capable of catalyzing peptide bond formation--shedding light on the origin of the ribosome itself.

Chemical structure --- Organic chemistry --- Molecular biology --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- organische chemie --- protein-engineering --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- eiwitten --- moleculaire biologie

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DNA and RNA fractions have been isolated from a variety of sources including: whole blood, serum, plasma, the surface of blood cells, urine, saliva and spinal fluid from both healthy individuals and patients. The ability to isolate, quantify, and analyze these molecules has led to the identification of specific nucleic acid fragments related to a variety of clinical disorders thereby permitting their early diagnosis and prognosis. This volume encompasses the proceedings of the 6th international conference on circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum held from the 9th to the 11th of November 2009 in Hong Kong. The topics that are covered in these proceedings include: - Nucleic Acids in Oncology - Nucleic Acids in Foetal Medicine - The Biology of CNAPS - New Technologies for CNAPS - Other Clinical Exploitation of CNAPS

Organic chemistry --- Molecular biology --- Oncology. Neoplasms --- Human genetics --- Biotechnology --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- organische chemie --- medische genetica --- genetica --- oncologie --- biotechnologie --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- moleculaire biologie

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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), tentatively defined as ncRNAs of more than two hundred nucleotides in length, are characterized by the complexity and diversity of their sequences and mechanisms of action. Based on genome-wide studies, more than 3,300 of them exist, but to date only the limited number of functional lncRNAs have been identified and characterized. Nonetheless, lncRNAs have emerged as key molecules involved in the control of transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene regulatory pathways. They take part in the recruitment of chromatin modifying complexes and regulate splicing, localization, stability and translation of the target mRNAs. This book provides an overview of the rapidly advancing field of long ncRNAs, describing the epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms by which they regulate various biological functions in model systems, from yeast to mammals. The role of ncRNAs in sex chromosome dosage compensation in flies and mammals is described, as well as their role in centromere and telomere biology. Long non-coding RNAs involved in environmental stress response and development are presented and their mechanisms of action discussed.

Organic chemistry --- Histology. Cytology --- General biochemistry --- Molecular biology --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- organische chemie --- biochemie --- cytologie --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- histologie --- moleculaire biologie

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Chemical structure --- Organic chemistry --- Molecular biology --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- organische chemie --- protein-engineering --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- eiwitten --- moleculaire biologie